mechanical

Robots can be classified according to various criteria such as their degrees of freedom, kinematical structure, drive technology, work-shop geometry and motion characteristics.   [A] Classification by  Degrees of Freedom :  A manipulator should have 6 degrees of freedom to manipulate an object freely in three dimensional spaces. From this point of view a robot may be a   General purpose robot:   if it possesses 6 degrees of freedom. Redundant robot:  if it possesses more than 6 degrees of freedom. It provides more freedom to move around obstacles and operate in a tightly confined work space. Deficient robot:  if it possesses less than 6 degrees of freedom.   [B] Classification by   Kinematic Structure :   according to kinematic structure robots can be classified as   Serial Robot or Open- loop Manipulator:  A robot is said to be a serial robot or an open-loop manipulator if its kinematic structure takes the form of an open-loop chain. Example: Adept-One Robot. Parallel

Link: Part of a machine which moves relative to some other parts is known as link or element. Link may be rigid or flexible or it can be a fluid link. Rigid Link:   Link or element which is capable of transmitting the motion with negligible deformation in it. In general we can say there is no link which is perfectly rigid. For example: crank, piston, cylinder, etc. Flexible Link: this link is also capable of transmitting the power or motion with slight deformation in it. In practical machines we can say most of them links which are used are flexible links. For example,: spring, belt, etc. Fluid Link: Fluid link is just of fluid element by which power or motion is transmitted from one element to another element. The basic concept for transmitting motion with the help of fluid link will be the exerted pressure. With the help of the pressure the motion is transmitted from one point to another point. For example: hydraulic presses, hydraulic jacks, accumulators, et

The beginning of robot may traced to the great greek engineer Ctesibius (270B.C.) Ctesibius applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clock by moving figures. Ctesibius’s disciple Philo of Byzantium (200B.C.) wrote Mechanical Collection describing Ctesibius work. Building on Ctesibius’s work , Hero of Alexandria (85 A.D.) wrote On Automatic Theaters, On Pneumatics, and On Mechanics and is recognized as the greatest Greek engineer. Hero, famous for invention of steam engine, presented the first well documented, workable robot outside of mythology. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) followed in hero’s footsteps, studying everything he could obtain on his work. He was actively engaged in verifying Greek reconstructions, an actively that no doubt inspired him to devise water powered organs and clocks equipped with jacquemart for striking the hours. Another automation that Leonardo was surely was aware of was the famous Strasbourg cock which wa

There are some definitions given as bellow The Robotics Institute of America defines a robot as a "re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks." The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of robot as "an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications." A robot is "any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner". It is an electric machine which has some ability to interact with physical objects and to be given electronic programming to do a specific task. It may also have some ability to perceive and absorb data on physical objects,

Asimov proposed the three "Laws of Robotics", and he later added a 'zeroth law' which are given as under below: Law Zero : A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. Law One : A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law. Law Two : A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law. Law Three : A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law. Comments: ♦ The MAARS (Modular Advanced Armed Robotic System) provide machine gun to robots which cause humans to kill. This opposes the laws given by Asimov. ♦ The point here is that much of the funding for robotic research, now a days, comes from the military, which is paying for robots that follow the very opposit

The basic element of a robot is given as under below: Mechanical platform- the hardware base Sensors Motors Driving mechanisms Power supplies Electronic controls Microcontroller systems Languages R/C Servos Pneumatics Driving high-current loads from logic controllers Mechanical platform- the hardware base: such as a wheeled platform, arm, or other construction, capable of interacting with its environment . Sensors: Sensors are the parts that sense and can detect objects or things like heat and light and convert the object information into symbols or in analog or digital form and then robot reacts according to the information provided by the sensory system. The sensors used in robotics are Vision Sensors: Camera, Frame Grabber, Image processing unit Proximity Sensors : distance is estimated between the robot and the object. Proprioceptive Sensors : are responsible for monitoring self maintenance and controlling internal status. This includes battery monitoring, current sensing, and h